Abstract
As the finite element method is based on integral relations, it is logical to expect that one should strive to carry out the integrations as efficiently as possible. In some cases, exact integration is employed. In others, it may be found that the integrals can become too complicated to integrate exactly. In such cases, the use of numerical integration will prove useful or essential. This chapter discusses important topics of local coordinate integration and Gaussian quadratures. They will prove useful when dealing with higher order interpolation functions in complicated element integrals. The chapter also discusses local coordinate Jacobian. The utilization of local element coordinates can greatly reduce the algebra required to establish a set of interpolation functions. Some 2-D elements must be formulated in local coordinates to meet the interelement continuity requirements.
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