Abstract
The Anopheles gambiae immune priming response is triggered when Plasmodium ookinetes invade the mosquito midgut and the microbiota comes in direct contact with injured cells. This is a long-lasting response that confers the challenged mosquito enhanced ability to control subsequent Plasmodium infections. The immune priming response involves hemocyte differentiation, in particular, an increase in the granulocyte population. A hemocyte differentiation factor (HDF) is released into the hemolymph and transfer of cell-free hemolymph from challenged mosquitoes can induce hemocyte differentiation and enhanced immunity in recipient naïve mosquitoes. Biochemical assays and metabololipidomic analysis have uncovered that HDF is composed of a Lipocalin/Lipoxin complex and that immune priming involves a persistent increase in the expression of the lipocalin carrier (Evokin) and in the enhanced ability of mosquitoes to convert arachidonic acid into lipoxins.
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