Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of mean sea level and discusses its variability at low frequency time scales (from monthly periods to multidecadal oscillations to millennial changes) in the Mediterranean Sea. It first describes the main techniques for measuring sea level, including instrumental in situ observations from tide gauges and remote observations from altimeters on board of satellites, as well as sea level proxies that are used to reconstruct sea level at millennial time scales. Ancillary geodetic measurements are also described, as these are relevant for coastal monitoring and sea level impacts. Secondly, the chapter focuses on the past evolution of Mediterranean sea level, starting with Holocene changes (ca. 10 kyrs back in time), followed by decadal to centennial sea level trends since the late 19th century, a period coinciding with the instrumental era. Finally, future mean sea level projections in the Mediterranean Sea are provided for the present century and for two climate change scenarios.
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