Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) are higher-level cognitive processes that allow us to respond in an adaptive manner to the environment: to break out of habits, make decisions and evaluate risks, plan for the future, prioritize and sequence actions, and cope with novel situations. EFs consist of several processes: (1) anticipation and deployment of attention, (2) impulse control and self-regulation, (3) initiation of action, (4) working memory (WM), (5) mental flexibility and utilization of feedback, (6) planning ability and organization, (7) selection of efficient problem-solving strategies, and (8) monitoring of performance. EFs are essential for dealing successfully with daily activities. Impairments in EFs have serious consequences, which may be as important to quality of life and functional outcomes as affective symptoms.
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