Abstract
As introduced in previous chapters, a chemical sensor is an analyzer for the detection of chemicals (analyte) selectively and reversibly, which can further transform a chemical concentration into an electric signal. Chalcogenides-based smart materials are difficult to define in explicitly. Conductive metal chalcogenides sensors are common throughout and can be used for fabrication of (bio)sensors such as those in human health checkers, trace elements and hazardous chemical sensing, etc. In this chapter, the chemical sensors for drugs, trace elements, and fuel detection will be explained by emphasizing their fabrication, recognition elements, and commercialization. In addition, the sensitivity, and selectivity of various metal chalcogenides against the above sensing targets will be discussed. It is well-known that the future will include numerous tiny sensing devices based on synthetic recognition elements to allow broad applicability to different classes of analytes and modes of transduction extending the lower limits of sensitivity. Micro/nanotechnology in material synthesis, as well as device fabrication, permits multifunctional devices to be constructed as arrays and incorporated into lab-on-a-chip devices. The learning objectives of this chapter are focused (but not limited) to find selective and sensitive metal chalcogenides for the detection of a drug, trace elements, and adulteration in different fuels. The selection of the best sensing materials (containing at least one chalcogen) will be discussed based on their performance characteristics such as detection limits, response times, recovery times, and lifetimes. Determination of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) starting at low concentration levels will be discussed. Chalcogenide glass chemical and electrochemical sensors show a good agreement with those of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and other common methods.
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