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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of bond breaking reactions. During the dehydration of alcohols, cleavage of both the C–O and the C–H bonds occurs. Dehydration of alcohols occurs on acidic catalyst. The Lewis acid sites are not involved in the dehydration reaction, but the reaction needs surface oxygen ions. The alcohol binds to the surface by hydrogen bonds. A proton is transferred from a surface OH group to the oxygen of the alcohol, facilitating the transfer of a proton from the neighboring carbon to a basic surface oxygen atom. The dehydration of oxolanes to butadiene is catalyzed by various acidic heterogeneous catalysts; for example, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyloxolane can be dehydrated on Pt/Al2O3 to 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene in good yield. Amines can be synthesized by the treatment of a ketone or aldehyde with an amine in the presence of hydrogen and a noble metal catalyst. During this reductive amination, the intermediate loses water to give an imine that is reduced to yield the amine product.
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