Abstract
Dose units are introduced including absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose. Background radiation is considered including natural and man-made components. Biological consequences of irradiation are considered including those from high doses (deterministic effects) and those from low doses based on the deliberately conservative linear, no threshold exposure/dose–response approach. The cancer fatality risk equation is defined and risks associated with different activities given. Levels of background radiation for different countries are given. Annual effective natural background radiation doses are specified including contributions from both natural and man-made sources.
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