Abstract
The skills, training, and equipment necessary to explore caves vary tremendously with the size and complexity of the cave. In common, however, are the environmental realities that caves are dark, usually wet and muddy, and have temperatures that are close to the regional average. The terrain is rugged with low crawls, narrow fissures, pits, puddles, pools, flowing streams, and piles of loose rocks. The equipment needed by the explorer includes reliable light sources, helmets, and clothing that provide protection from the environment. Additional equipment and additional training are needed for vertical caves, big river caves, and underwater caves.
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