Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials beyond graphene are now accepted in the panorama of material science. These materials offer many interesting functionalities. Their low dimensionality and the versatility of their electronic structure make them very appealing not only for fundamental studies but also for practical applications. The properties of materials not only depend on chemical composition but also on their structures, including phases, sizes, shapes, and dimensionality. The family of 2D materials encompasses a wide selection of versatile natural materials, almost all the elements of the periodic table. The spectrum of 2D materials includes graphene and its derivatives, hexagonal-boron nitride, transition-metal dichalcogenides, metal oxides, metals halides, MXenes, and most recently Xenes. Methods such as mechanical exfoliation, liquid-phase exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, and molecular beam epitaxy have been developed in order to make single and multilayers of 2D lattices. Despite these efforts, the fine control of the number and structure of graphene and other 2D lattices over an entire substrate remains a major challenge. More realistic samples, from an industry point of view, are obtained by chemical vapor depositions and related techniques onto metallic substrates. This chapter briefly discusses the properties of novel 2D materials and outlines the recent progress in the synthesis, characterization, and applications such as in the field of electronics, clean energy, biomedical, and environmental. There is plenty of room available for further progress in the synthetic versatility and structural diversity of these graphene analogs. In the future, research into these materials will enjoy exponential growth.

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