Abstract
Sample preparation plays a critical role in untargeted profiling of biological fluids and tissues by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry for biomarker discovery. In this chapter, commonly used sample preparation methods in global metabolomics and lipidomics, such as solvent precipitation, ultrafiltration, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction, are critically discussed with an emphasis on how well they meet the requirements of an ideal metabolomics method, including (i) depth of metabolite coverage (ii) simplicity and minimal handling to prevent metabolite loss and/or degradation and reduce introduction of extraneous contaminants (iii) reproducibility, and (iv) incorporation of metabolism quenching step in order to reflect the true metabolome composition at the time of sampling. Recent developments in this field are also examined, including in vivo methods such as microdialysis and solid-phase microextraction, turbulent flow chromatography, and dried blood spot sampling. Finally, recent comprehensive studies comparing the performance of various sample preparation methods are highlighted to aid in the selection of the most appropriate method for a given application.
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