Abstract
Geochemical monitoring is the surveillance of gaseous or aqueous emissions from volcanoes in the form of plumes, fumaroles, soil degassing, and spring discharges. Geochemical monitoring methods have evolved over the past decades and include laboratory-based analysis of samples, as well as spectrometers and electrochemical sensors to measure key gas ratios, which may be mounted on the crater rim or on unmanned aerial vehicles. The high temporal resolution of such measurements has allowed integration with geophysical data to enhance volcano monitoring by highlighting changes in magma supply, conduit pressurization, and shallow permeability. Ground- and satellite-based methods to measure the flux of sulfur dioxide remain a mainstay of volcano monitoring, allowing insight into eruption rates and deep magma supply. There are now long time series from a number of volcanoes around the world. The future brings challenges related to improving frameworks for integrated modeling.
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