Abstract
This chapter focuses on recent literature in geologically oriented journals that deals with applications of fuzzy logic in various branches of geological sciences, sometimes in the broader context of soft computing. Geologic knowledge is routinely expressed in natural language, and is primarily a field science that began as an outgrowth of the mineral-extraction industry. The variables that geologists have routinely measured for hundreds of years are continua that commonly vary over many orders of magnitude. Evolutionary computation is biologically inspired computational structure that is most commonly used for optimization (features to be optimized are parameterized into a vector of real numbers). In addition , there have been a number of general papers that advocate the use of fuzzy logic in the geological sciences such as the use of fuzzy logic in the study of volcanoes, fuzzy rule-based model to study simulation of latent heat fluxes of coniferous forests, and fuzzy set theory to evaluate thermodynamic parameters in aqueous chemical-equilibrium calculations.
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