Abstract

This chapter describes how to design active or passive lowpass filters to almost any desired specification. Passive filters are the simplest to design from the normalized model. Denormalization for a higher load impedance requires component values to be scaled in order to have a higher impedance. The formulae and examples of how to use them for the denormalization of component values are given. Active filters are designed using pole and zero locations, which are determined from the frequency response's transfer function. This is not possible in passive filter designs because all the components interact with each other. However, in active filters the operational amplifier, the active part of the circuit, buffers one stage from the next so there is no interaction. Therefore, each stage can be designed to provide the frequency response of one pair of complex poles or a single real pole, or sometimes both. The desired overall response is produced when all the stages are connected in series.

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