Abstract
Tryptamine induce formation of intracellular and extracellular TrpRS-immunopositive vesicles (exosomes and microvesicles) in the human neuronal cells. Furthermore tryptamine induces mitochondrial neuropathology, which includes mitochondria-derived vesicles. TrpRS-immunopositive vesicles of different diameters and multivesicular bodies immunostained with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to TrpRS were detected in postmortem AD brain sections. Extracellular vesicles can originate from exocytosis of endocytic multivesicular bodies, by which the internal vesicles are released from the cell as so-called exosomes. Exosomes are secreted intracellular microparticles that can trigger inflammation and induce antigen-specific immune responses. Because exosomes can cross the blood–brain barrier, they may serve as accessible biomarkers of neural dysfunction. The two members of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/s (ARS) family, valyl-tRNA synthetase and TrpRS, were detected in the exosomes by mass spectrometry. Summarizing, tryptamine can induce immune response and inflammation via exosome and microvesicle formation. TrpRS marks the AD brain with multivesicular bodies.
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