Abstract
Abstract Long ultrasonic vocalizations (usually between 0.5 and 3.0 s per individual call) with low peak frequencies (20–30 kHz) and narrow bandwidths (1.0–4.0 kHz) in adult rats, often termed “22-kHz calls,” are considered to reflect negative affective states and are strongly suggested to be one of the most sensitive measures of anxiety-related states in rats. Recent studies using air puffs as stress inducers have revealed that gender has significant influence on the emission of 22-kHz calls. Our data suggest that 22-kHz calls may be utilized in future studies of stress-induced sex differences in aversive arousal in rats. These studies may, in turn, be relevant to studies in humans.
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