Abstract
The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are large subcortical components of the motor system. They act in parallel, influencing both cortical and brainstem motor areas to ensure efficient, focused, and well-coordinated movements. Although they communicate with the same areas of cerebral cortex and with each other, they have distinct functions and mechanisms of action. They communicate with motor areas of cerebral cortex privately using separate thalamic nuclei. The outputs have opposite signs: the basal ganglia output is inhibitory and the cerebellar output is excitatory. The cerebellum receives direct input from spinal cord ascending pathways and from the vestibular system, whereas the basal ganglia receives the bulk of its sensory information from cerebral cortex.
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