Abstract
The Carnot cycle is used to define the thermodynamic temperature thatis an integrating denominator converting the inexact differential δq into an exact differential of the entropy Ds. This thermodynamic temperature is the same as the absolute temperature obtained from the ideal gas. In a Joule-Thomson expansion, a gas under pressure flows through an orifice and expands at a lower pressure. The gas expands against a piston at a lower pressure p2 until all of the gas has been transferred to the other side of the membrane with a final volume V2 and temperature T2. Adiabatic shields keep heat from flowing into or out of the apparatus, and the flow rate is so slow that kinetic and potential energy changes associated with the flow are negligible.
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