Abstract
Sterilization in the early 20th century was based on the pioneering work in the late 19th century by the likes of L. Pasteur, C. Chamberland, R. Koch, and E. Bergmann, and usually involved high heat processes such as dry or moist heat for medical products made of high heat-resistant materials. Following World War II, a confluence of science and technology advancement in the areas of microbiology, medical products, polymer chemistry, and radiation physics, as well as private and public investigation of food preservation technologies led to the development of low-temperature terminal sterilization technologies [radiation and ethylene oxide (EO)] in the 1950s based on a probabilistic model of sterility.
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