Abstract
The history, current status, and perspectives of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFAL) in Japan, Taiwan, China, North America, and Europe (England and The Netherlands) are described, including research, development, and business. The governmental subsidy for PFAL R&D and business in Japan are introduced. Taiwanese and Japanese companies have started to export and build turn-key PFALs abroad. In China, a national project on intelligent plant factory production technology was initiated in 2013 by scientists from universities and institutes supported by the government. In Korea, the annual domestic market of the PFAL business is worth nearly US$600 million. Meanwhile, in the USA and Canada several large-scale commercial facilities were recently built to produce pharmaceutical protein products and leafy greens. In The Netherlands, two relatively large PFALs were built in 2014 and 2015 for R&D by private companies, aiming to commercialize PFALs on a large scale.
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