Abstract
Microplastics (MP) are frequently detected in both aquatic (marine and freshwater) and atmospheric environments. The size of MP is usually < 5 mm. MP are considered as emerging contaminants. This chapter critically analyzes the recent developments on the occurrence and distribution of MP in aquatic and air environments. Extensive use of plastic products and improper management of plastic wastes lead to generation of MP upon exposure to environmental conditions. Environmental fate and transport of MP depend on their physical characteristics (size and density), existing aquatic conditions (water current and turbulence) and prevailing weather conditions (sunlight, rainfall and wind speed). MP exert ecotoxicity to aquatic biota, respiratory ailments upon inhalation of polluted air, and bioaccumulation in the food chain. Potential control strategies for reduction of MP levels in water and air include use of biodegradable plastic products, enhancement of plastic recycling contributing to circular economy, and removal through adsorption. Key knowledge gaps and future research directions are highlighted.
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