Abstract
No matter what precautions are taken, there will always be a difference between the result of a measurement and the true value of a quantity. This difference is called the measurement error. A measurement is useless without a quantitative indication of the magnitude of that error. Such an indication is called the uncertainty. Without knowing the uncertainty, the comparison of a measurement result with a reference value or with results of other measurements cannot be made. This chapter addresses the problem of how to define measurement errors, uncertainty, and related terms. The chapter also addresses the question of how to determine the uncertainty in practice. Under this, it summarizes the related statistical issues. Further, various sources of errors and the various types of errors is discussed. Methods to specify these errors are also highlighted. The chapter concludes with some techniques used to reduce the effects of errors.
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