Abstract
Africa, the second largest continent in the world, is extremely enriched with onshore and offshore natural gas, oil, and mineral resources. Africa is a major producer of copper, gold, diamond, iron ore, bauxite, silver, and uranium (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) from underground and open-pit operations. The continent ranks ONE for its reserve base and annual production in the world for the platinum group of metals and chromium. The major share of the platinum group of elements (PGEs), chromium, and nickel deposits is distributed in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania. The other contributing countries include Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Uganda, Zambia, Botswana, Sudan, and Madagascar.
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