Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of crystal defects. Real solids invariably contain structural discontinuities and localized regions of disorder. This heterogeneity can exist on both microscopic and macroscopic scales with defects or imperfections ranging in size from missing or misplaced atoms to features that are visible to the naked eye. The majority of materials used for engineering components and structures are made up from a large number of small interlocking grains or crystals. Within each grain, atoms are regularly arranged according to the basic crystal structure, but a variety of imperfections, classified generally as crystal defects, may also occur. The chapter discusses point defects in metals and nonmetallic crystals. It describes irradiation of solids, point defect concentration and annealing, and the concept of a dislocation. The chapter elaborates the basic concepts related to edge and screw dislocations, the Burgers vector, mechanisms of slip and climb, and the strain energy associated with dislocations. The chapter concludes with a discussion on planar defects, grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults.
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