Abstract
This chapter provides a brief discussion on nuclear instrumentation technology. Nuclear gauging instruments can be classified as those that measure the various radiations or particles emitted by radioactive substances or nuclear accelerators, such as alpha particles, beta particles, electrons and positrons, gamma and X-rays, neutrons, and heavy particles, such as protons and deuterons. An important factor in the measurements to be made is the energy of the particles or radiations. This is expressed in electron-volts (eV) and can range from below 1 eV to millions of eV (MeV). Neutrons of very low energies (0.025 eV) are called thermal neutrons because their energies are comparable to those of gas particles at normal temperatures. The selection of a particular detector and detection system depends on a large number of factors that have to be taken into account in choosing the optimum system for a particular project. In addition, this chapter also explains the electrons and their aspects relevant to the nuclear instrument, such as electronic assemblies, power supplies, and sealers.
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