Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) play an important role in protecting and conserving our global ocean ecosystems. The history and development of MPAs around the world are addressed, from early stages to current levels of protection today, through to globally recognized progressive targets for ocean conservation. This outlines the positive benefits of MPAs, their different forms and types, and how these are categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Recent trends involve protection of high sea areas beyond national jurisdiction, the World Heritage listing of sites with Outstanding Universal Value, and a growing recognition of the importance of protecting large-scale marine areas >150,000km2.
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