Abstract
Abstract How motivation and the emotional state interact with each other remains a puzzle, but new insights into the intensity and timing of the emotional state via measuring rat ultrasonic vocalizations can provide important answers. To explore this issue, we have examined how ultrasonic calls could be important in the evaluation of incentive contrast effects (responses to change of incentive value) on appetitive behavior. Appetitive 50-kHz ultrasonic calls reflect incentive contrast but only when the outcome shifts were well predicted by visual cues. We found 50-kHz calls decreased during an operant task using mixed rewards with an incentive value downshift. However, 50-kHz calls did not show increases consistent with positive contrast. New data obtained from a paradigm that allows an exploration for diverse components of motivated choice are also presented. Fifty-kHz calls showed clear relationships to reward discrimination, preference, and relative reward valuation, but these effects were inconsistently linked to behavioral choice. Overall, these relationships between motivation and emotional state were strong but inconsistent, suggesting contexts when emotional state and motivation can converge or diverge from one another.
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