Abstract
Raw materials are essential to the economy and consequently to modern society, because they are required for industrial activities, infrastructure, and products used every day. Steel is omnipresent as a material for construction, mobility, and consumer and industrial goods, tools, and equipment. Steel gets its performance from the addition of ferroalloy elements, including Si, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo, V, Nb, and Ti. Many of these are labeled critical raw materials by the European Union or the United States. Besides being alloying elements for steel, these elements are also used in, e.g., catalysts, photovoltaics, rechargeable batteries, and magnets. The ferroalloy elements are recycled as part of steel alloys, though that is not the only material from which they can be recycled. This chapter describes possibilities for extracting these metals from different secondary resources as a contribution to diminish the criticality of these raw materials and to improve the security of their supply.
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