Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Raman scattering. As a result of electromagnetic light wave penetration into matter, the induced electric dipole moment P of the valence electrons depends on the electric field E of the initial electromagnetic light wave. The Raman scattering intensity depends upon the properties of the scattering substance through the Raman tensor. The selection rules for this tensor are connected with the symmetry of the molecules or the crystals and permits observing Raman spectra with different polarization geometries. The typical first-order Raman spectra in crystals should consist of a number of narrow lines of widths that are connected with the lifetimes of the phonons. Different lines correspond to optical phonons with quasi-momentum close to 0 and their intensities are determined with the help of the Raman tensor components. Second-order Raman spectra in crystals should have the shape of wide bands, reflecting the shape of the phonon dispersion branches of the corresponding crystalline lattice. Hyper-Raman elemental processes in crystals are the result of the simultaneous destruction of two photons into a scattered photon and phonon.
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