Abstract
Levels of various trace elements are altered in patients with acute and chronic kidney diseases. Since essential trace elements have important metabolic functions, deficiencies in these elements may lead to either unique syndromes and/or exaggeration of other commonly observed syndromes in patients with kidney disease. Nonessential trace elements and metals also accumulate in patients with kidney disease and may present either with unique clinical syndromes or with other uncertain consequences. In this chapter, we will review alterations in both essential and nonessential trace elements and metals in patients with kidney disease.
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