Abstract
The decoding of DNA sequence information encoded in an organism's genome into functional proteins is a complex, multistep process. This chapter deals with the first major step of this process, the transcription of the DNA sequence into mature mRNA, focusing primarily on eukaryotic mechanisms. The chapter begins with a description of in cis DNA sequence elements in protein-coding genes that control where and when transcription occurs, including a discussion of promoters, response elements, enhancers, and insulator sequences. Next the chapter describes protein transcription factors that act in trans to regulate the initiation and progression of transcription, using the steroid receptors as a paradigm to understand the interplay among the numerous proteins involved in the regulation of human gene expression. Transcription is also regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that are subsequently defined for human cells, and the chapter ends by detailing how pre-mRNA is processed into the mature mRNA required for translation into protein.
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