Chapter 21 - Occurrence and management of toxicity associated with parasitic pathogens in drinking water sources in rural areas in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Abstract

Lack of potable water remains a global challenge, particularly in developing countries like the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This chapter x-rays the toxicity of parasites and pathogens in open wells and streams as sources of drinking water in rural communities of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Investigations have shown that most rural communities within the Niger Delta lack basic amenities like potable water. Some of the communities still rely on open wells and streams for their drinking water sources. Studies have shown that open wells and streams are prone to contamination and pollution that leads to toxicity in these bodies of water. Irrespective of chemical toxicity, biological toxicity due to pathogens (Entamoeba species, Giardia lamblia, Toxoplasma gondii, and Balantidium coli), and other microorganisms are major sources of concern in drinking water sources in rural settings. Investigations also show that water from open wells and streams is not subjected to any form of treatment before consumption. This predisposes the majority of rural dwellers to diseases caused by drinking toxic water tainted with pathogenic parasites. Rural communities without potable water supply are at high risk of suffering from different kinds of water-borne diseases. Some of the diseases include gastroenteritis such as Giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, and others like schistosomiasis. These diseases could become endemic or epidemic in some cases, if not detected and properly handled. Basic hygiene, sanitation, and simple water treatment methods like filtration and boiling have proven effective in the management of waterborne diseases caused by some pathogenic parasites. Other management options, like the provision of effective water treatment plants, would go a long way in addressing the problems of good water supply for drinking and other domestic uses in rural communities of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.