Abstract
Industrial and municipal solid wastes are created by modern societies as unavoidable by-products of mining, industrial production, and the requirements of today’s modern consumers. The 19th century was an era of rapid growth in many developed countries, during which many new and developing industries were established to systematically process raw materials into finished goods. During the 19th, 20th, and now the 21st century these industries concentrated on the quality of the final product, while discarding the residues and waste products that arose during increasingly complicated manufacturing processes. Methods used to treat, dispose, and reuse the waste by-products are discussed in this chapter.
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