Abstract
Typically, the endocrine organs include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, endocrine pancreas (Islets of Langerhans), hypothalamus, pineal gland, and parathyroid gland. The embryology and anatomy of these organs provide a basis for understanding the spontaneous and induced lesions that occur in the endocrine system of non-human primates (NHPs) commonly utilized in toxicology studies (cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, and marmosets). Because evaluation of the endocrine organs of NHPs relies heavily on the gross and microscopic morphology of the glands, understanding of spontaneous lesions is paramount for interpretation within the context of preclinical studies. Spontaneous lesions include changes in the glands that are degenerative, congenital, inflammatory, proliferative, and neoplastic. These are discussed in the chapter with illustrative images.
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