Chapter 20 - Phytoremediation and the issue of fracking in South Africa

Abstract

Phytoremediation is the use of living plants to clean water, air, and soil that have been contaminated, and it has become an ecologically safe way to recover contaminated soils around oil wells often caused by fracking. A case study from Venezuela indicates the effectiveness of phytoremediation, as well as explains the process. The production of large quantities of petroleum caused ecological issues to the Venezuelan turf and thus instantiated the use of phytoremediation, especially using native plants. The species were evaluated by different scientists and eventually deployed to four different oil sites. Other countries have, similarly to Venezuela, been intrigued by shale gas development. With the eighth largest shale gas reserve in the world and one of the strongest economies in Africa, South Africa is a prime candidate for fracking. Some of the driving forces behind South Africa’s economy are the agricultural farming sector and nature reserves. It has thus been torn between the benefits of aggressive energy development and risks on the environment. Water is already limited, the wealth distribution is complicated, and contamination is prominent. Is it worth risking environmental protection for a boost in the economy due to fracking? However, because of current laws, fracking might not even be a viable option. The National Development Plan of 2012 addresses energy diversity and consumption but fails to account for the demand increase that comes with lower prices. Additionally, according to the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, the mineral rights belong to the government. A strategic environmental assessment has thus been conducted to provide policymakers and outside investors with relevant and accurate information. For fracking to be viable, a life cycle analysis should be conducted to ensure stringent and thorough safety practices and laws.