Chapter 20 - Nanomaterials in tissue engineering: Applications and challenges

Abstract

Growth of a new or repair and replacement of a defective tissue or an organ by using stem cells with a compatible biomaterial containing certain biologically active compounds is the basic concept of tissue engineering. Tissue engineering, a multidisciplinary concept, merges biological science with engineering concepts and material knowledge. Even though much has been achieved in the field of tissue engineering, still challenges in terms of availability of potential/active cells, mechanical strength of biomaterial used, and cells obtained and cytocompatibility remain. All the above listed challenges can be overcome through nanotechnology by developing customized nanomaterials which mimic the natural properties of cells and tissues. Nanomaterials help in improving mechanical and biological performances of tissues in the host. Carbon-based nanomaterials, antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles, conducting properties of gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and metal oxides nanoparticles have made them useful in various applications in tissue engineering. This chapter focuses on application of various nanomaterials in the fired of tissue engineering and scaffold formation.