Abstract
A historical overview considers the development from the early anemometers, since the classical times of Athens and Rome, and the various methods to measure wind direction and intensity from the Middle Age to present day. These include pressure plate, windmill, cup anemometer, and various types of vanes. The modern technology to measure wind and air motions is then presented. Instruments to measure wind, turbulence, and air movements, either outdoors or indoors, are described. A part is concerned about outdoor-installing anemometers and specific instruments to record wind vector components, average the wind direction, or measure the wind variance, especially in view of calculating the dispersion of airborne pollutants. The last part is focused on indoor air motions that are studied with hot wire or hot film anemometers, sonic pulse anemometers, and laser Doppler anemometers. Some examples are reported of the turbulent convective motions that incandescent lamps or indoor heaters generate. Finally, some analysis of air turbulence is discussed.
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