Abstract
Conventional protection devices, which mainly use local measurements, are facing new challenges in performing their work. These challenges are increasing due to the power system expansion, the presence of a large scale of renewable energy sources, bidirectional flow of current, etc. Power systems are witnessing a shift from the traditional power networks to the “smart grid,” characterized by distributed energy resources, implying a bidirectional flow of energy. Therefore the power grids need to evolve to properly handle this shift and to support the innovative solutions implemented in the system. Protective devices need particular attention to ensure successful coordination.
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