Abstract
This chapter focuses on the theory of imaging. Imaging, in general, is accompanied by aberrations, and it is quite understandable that finding locations where aberrations are small or can be avoided completely is of great importance not only from a theoretical point of view but also for practical reasons. Evaluation of images is carried out at two stages: at the design stage when it is checked whether the configuration designed is capable of delivering the system performance requirements; and at the end of manufacturing when a real system with all the tolerances of component fabrication and assembling is aligned and prepared for final testing. Theoretical evaluation of image quality is usually based on ray tracing a great number of rays, originating in on-axis and off-axis points of the object and, if necessary, related to several representative wavelengths of the illuminating radiation. The most common way to evaluate images is based on the modulation transfer function (MTF).
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