Abstract
Reactive species contribute to destruction of biological material. In this chapter, an overview of main properties, formation, and reactions of reactive species is given. These reactants are classified into dioxygen-derived species, nitrogen-based species, transition metal ion–containing species, and (pseudo)halogen-based species. In particular, superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, singlet dioxygen, nitric monoxide, peroxynitrite, nitrogen dioxide, hypochlorous acid, and hypothiocyanite are characterized in detail. The involvement of copper and iron ions and transition metal ion complexes in destructive reactions is also reviewed. Special aspects of participation of reactive species in cell and tissue destruction are outlined as well such as differentiation in low- and high-reactive species, redox recycling, water radiolysis, and the role of enzyme-driven reactions in formation of reactive species. Major enzymatic and nonenzymatic protective mechanisms are discussed controlling reactive species in biological systems.
Published Version
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