Chapter 2 - Pseudomonas putida biofilm: development and dynamics

Abstract

Bacterial biofilms comprise surface-associated microbial communities embedded in a self-produced polymeric matrix. Biofilm formation is a protective mechanism of bacteria to tackle adverse environmental conditions. However, biofilm-associated disease is a considerable threat that have challenges present therapeutic strategies. The persistence of biofilms also causes considerable problems in industrial processes. This chapter provides an overview of the development and the dynamics of Pseudomonas putida biofilm. P. putida is one of the most well studied model Gram-negative bacteria, which has exhibited biofilm formation using a sequential process that includes attachment of cells to the surface, formation of microcolonies and biofilm proliferation, and maturation. Role of exopolymeric matrix, adhesions, cell-to-cell signaling and cellular motility in biofilm formation is discussed. The dynamics of P. putida biofilm is associated with the local biofilm dissolution and migration of cells resulting in changed spatial organization in response to various factors like temperature, pH, metal, and nutritional stress is also presented. The underlying molecular mechanisms involving the genetic elements like LapA/LapBCE/LapGD system genes are critical for the biofilm development. Further, various physical, chemical and biological methods for biofilm control discussed in this chapter provide insight for developing powerful therapeutic strategies for biofilm control. Finally, the advances in the development of novel nanomaterial-based biofilm control strategies and promises of combination therapy are discussed, which can be rationally employed for effective biofilm inhibition and disruption.