Abstract
Starting from basic physics of optical reflection and refraction of optical interfaces, this chapter introduces concept and major properties of optical fiber, which is the basic transmission medium for fiber-optic communication. These include the concept and classification of propagation modes along the fiber, single mode condition, numerical aperture, mechanisms and specifications of optical attenuation and dispersion, as well as nonlinearities of optical fiber. While dispersion specifies mode-dependent or wavelength-dependent propagation speed of optical signal propagating in an optical fiber, which are both linear effects, nonlinear effects such as stimulated Raman scattering, stimulated Brillouin scattering, and power-dependent refractive index known as Kerr effect nonlinearity may also affect wave propagation in optical fiber. Although standard multimode and single-mode fibers are most often used in optical communication systems, a variety of specialty fibers have also been developed for special application.
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