Abstract
With an increasingly aging population and a need for decentralization of health care and remote, at-home, and bedside monitoring, there is a growing necessity for wearables and implantables with advanced capabilities that provide data suitable for clinical diagnostics. In this chapter, musculoskeletal applications serve as the exemplar for these technologies. The clinical drives for sensing and augmented therapy are highlighted for conditions including bone fractures, nonunions, ligament tears, stroke, and arthritis. Piezoresistive strain sensors based on elastomeric composites, hydrogels, liquid-metals, and magnetoelastic sensors are discussed, together with electrophysiological recordings to monitor mechanical loading and muscle activity coupled with discussions on bioimpedance, motion sensors, hydrogels, regenerative methods, and electrical stimulation. Passive approaches based on resonant systems with sensing capabilities are highlighted as an approach for implantables. The necessity for biocompatibility and appropriate packaging, as well as the potential for biodegradability, are also emphasized.
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