Chapter 2 - Environmental Statistical Analysis and Sampling Considerations

Abstract

Environmental statistics has rapidly emerged as a solid branch of statistics, with increased emphasis on applied mathematical statistics, statistical methodology, and data interpretation for addressing contemporary environmental analysis and health concerns. This chapter provides an understanding of the quality, relevance, and effectiveness of research on environmental problems through the use of theoretical and applied statistical concepts. It explores data collection, analysis, uncertainty, significance, presentation, and interpretation of environmental data for research, policy, and regulation considerations. For environmental chemists, it is important to understand sampling theory and practice to compliment the measurement process. When field-based or in situ measurements are not possible, sampling designs should include—proper statistical design, which takes project goals (including the type and number of samples) into consideration; detailed instructions for sample collection, preservation, storage, and transportation to the analytical facility; and personnel training in proper sampling techniques. An important objective of environmental chemistry is to understand and characterize chemical and physical measurements of complex systems. The complexity of spatial and temporal dynamics in such systems has spurred interest in the use of multivariate statistical techniques. These methods are appropriate for meaningful data reduction and interpretation of multi-parameter investigations.