Abstract
This chapter discusses the crystal structure and growth of noncongruent single crystals of lithium niobate and lithium tantalate using the double crucible Czochralski technique. The chapter focuses on the phenomena of ferroelectric domains and discusses ferroelectric hysteresis, internal fields, the role of nonstoichiometry in domain reversal, the structure of a domain wall and its interaction with lattice defects, and the phenomenological modeling of domain-wall structure in these materials. Detailed experiment and theory of using Maker fringe analysis as a characterization tool for wafer thickness, composition, strain, and internal field variations over an entire 2–3-in wafer of LiNb03 or LiTa03 are also discussed. From a technological viewpoint, the microengineering of ferroelectric domains for integrated optical applications also benefited from a real-time and nondestructive monitoring of the domain-engineering process during device fabrication.
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