Abstract
The significant rise in the concentration of atmospheric air pollutants has become a major global threat for living beings, particularly after industrialization. While considering the potential aftermath of the current scenario, researchers are constantly directing their efforts to reduce the amount of gas contaminants in the environment using various porous and hybrid materials. This chapter emphasizes the removal of air pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by employing common porous and hybrid composites of carbon, silica, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and zeolite-based nanomaterials. Synthesis strategies, functionalization or modification using a suitable precursor, and recent advances in the use of these materials as significant adsorbents are discussed in detail in the subsequent sections. The later portion of the chapter describes the conventional methods used to study the phenomena of adsorption, including the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method for surface area analysis, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method for pore size distribution, and Kelvin equation for the capillary condensation of basic porous materials. However, these methods have certain limitations while considering hybrid composites due to the complexity of their structure, which can be explained by modern computational techniques such as density functional theory (DFT), nonlocal density functional theory (NLDFT), quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT), and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation (GCMC). To understand the fundamental properties such as pore architecture, surface morphology, and chemical potential, these techniques are quite effective and easy to operate, provide high accuracy, and have been discussed briefly.
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