Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) printing is a relatively new concept, less than a decade old. This chapter provides a brief history of 4D printing and locates it in the broader research field of programmable matter. Then, 4D printing is defined and stimulus-responsive (smart) materials are presented, which enable the leap from 3D to 4D printing: an anticipated response of the printout as a result of a predetermined stimulus, such as a change in temperature or water immersion. Finally, the discussion turns to biomedical applications of 4D printing. Specific examples of endoluminal devices, soft actuators, soft swimmers, and tissue-like assemblies of aqueous droplets in oil demonstrate that 4D printing is a powerful technology for creating smart objects to be used in health care.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
