Chapter 18 - Responsive biomimetic nanocarriers and its role in stem cell–based targeting therapeutics

Abstract

Additive manufacturing promises to actualize bioengineered multifunctional devices and implantable tissue engineering scaffolds realistically developed using computer-aided design models. Biomaterials can now be functionalized for a wide variety of biomedical uses by using cell membranes produced from natural sources as a surface coating. This can also maximize the effectiveness with which nanoparticles and workable cell membranes transport drugs. Bioengineering, due to their homing capability and tumor tropism, can integrate synthetic materials with stem cell membranes. This would safeguard stem cells from being destroyed by the immune system on their way to the areas of inflammation. The bioengineered scaffolds can manage drug delivery, allow stem cell differentiation and neurogenesis, and boost neural biosensor capabilities. Biomimetic scaffolds can be used as powerful tools to build in vitro intestinal epithelium models. Targeted biomimetic nanocarriers have unique qualities that allow designers to create smart self-assembled architectures for emerging applications such as customizable delivery vehicles. The success of this approach can be seen in the designed control of mesenchymal stem cell to osteogenic development followed by regeneration of missing or injured bone. Generation of biomimetic scaffolds and delivery vehicles has been successfully demonstrated through electrospinning. Functionalized electrospun nanofiber materials with controllable characteristics for stem cell differentiation employing polymers, ceramics, and metals have been employed as semiconductive to conductive tissue engineering scaffolds. Current research focuses on single-cell membranes, and multifunctional fused membrane materials. The way forward to use of biomimetic nanocarriers and scaffolds in stem cell–based regeneration of tissues seems to be very promising, leading to better health for all.