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Abstract
This chapter reviews the conditions that are present with symptoms of neurologic dysfunction, which is a direct consequence of viral infection and discusses when these conditions can be expected to arise in the course of infection. It also focuses on the relationship of certain neurologic syndromes such as dementia, myelopathy, and peripheral neuropathy to the degree of immunosuppression. Diagnostic tests relevant to CNS involvement, including the use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a proxy for brain tissue, as well as other functional investigations of the nervous system are also reviewed. Currently recommended treatment strategies and neurologic side effects of the antiretroviral medications are outlined. The chapter describes neurologic manifestations of dysregulation of the immune system, including such “auto-immune” diseases as chronic-inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy or Guillian-Barré syndrome, mononeuritis multiplex, and possibly, cerebellar degeneration. Finally, the vast range of opportunistic infections and malignancies are outlined. The various areas in which the nervous system can be injured or dysfunctional in HIV is explained, using knowledge of neuroanatomy to envision the characteristic features of cerebral lesions, meningitis, myelopathy, neuropathy, and myopathy.
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