Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and are abundantly distributed in all three phylogenetic domains of life including anaerobic microbes (anaerobes) living without O2. Carbon dioxide is a universal metabolite of anaerobes necessitating CA for a diversity of physiological functions. Anaerobes comprise at least half of the living protoplasm in Earth’s biosphere, where they convert complex biomass to methane and carbon dioxide contributing an essential link in the global carbon cycle. Diverse species of anaerobes are also a major component of the microbiomes of humans and other mammals where they perform essential functions and are also agents of disease.
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