Abstract
El Niño Southern Oscillation is the most significant external factor modulating the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) variability. However, the relationship between them is not stable especially after the climatic shift of 1975/76. Therefore, understanding the ISMR teleconnections with the other major global climate modes remains important. In this context, the role of Southern Annular Mode (SAM) on ISMR variability is examined and a review is provided. Results suggest that the February–March (FM) SAM index is well correlated with ISMR especially in the recent years, providing prediction values. The SAM shows a stronger impact over the Central India and Western Ghats rainfall (the regions of maximum summer rainfall variability) compared to other regions. In the subseasonal scale, FM, and May, SAM index has strong positive relationship with June–July rainfall over India. The pathways of teleconnections of FM SAM on ISMR are mainly through equatorial Pacific, whereas the May SAM connects through subtropical (southern) and tropical Indian Ocean. The relationship between SAM and ISMR displays decadal modulation contributing towards decadal predictability.
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